Otter fishing has been practiced in Bangladesh for the last two centuries. The traditional practice of otter fishing has a significant role in otter preservation in Bangladesh. There are three species of otters Lutra lutra, Lutrogale perspicillata and Lutra Perspicillata found in Bangladesh but the fishermen at present are using only one species called Lutra Perspicillata in and around Sundarbans.
Norail and Khulna are the only districts in Bangladesh where this species of otter is bred in captivity later tamed and used for fishing by the fishermen for their livelihood. The fishermen completely depend on these tamed otters for their daily earnings. In the winter and early summer, the fishermen use their otters inside the Sundarbans.
They only catch fish outside the Sundarbans during the monsoon. For this unique fishing technic, you need three people, a narrow longboat, a net, two adult otters, and a young trainee otter. They do the fishing generally in the nighttime mostly between 9 pm to 5 am. Every night their average catch is 8 to 12 kilos of fish.
According to the record of 2011, there are 46 fishermen groups in the mentioned two districts belonging to 176 otters of different ages and sex classes in captivity. 138 otters are directly involved with the fishing. The remaining are infants, juveniles, or too old to get involved with fishing. There are about 300 people directly engaged with catching fish with otters and another 2000 people are involved with this industry indirectly for their livelihood.
Historical background of otter fishing
Otter Fishing has a very old historic back ground. It was on the Yangtze River in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), in the Yangtze region this technique of fishing, otter fishing, was observed by Marco Polo in the 13th century as per the earliest record of otter fishing. Chinese fishermen learned this practice of otter fishing from Southeast Asia, in the old days in the Indus and Ganges river basins people used to catch fish using domesticated otters. Otter fishing was also subsistence in the Bengal and South India across the Coromandel Coast.
According to European history, otter fishing was practiced at the beginning of the 16th century in Europe. Scandinavians used to train the otters to catch the trout (a species of salmon fish). The Archbishop of Uppsala, Olaus Magnus published a volume named De Gentibus Septentroionalibus, in 1555, On Northern Peoples, where there was a drawing of a fishing otter. In the 1539 map of Scandinavia, it was one of the motifs of Olaus that describes, Carta Marina which was an otter that catches the fish for his master the master was ready with a knife and there was a cooking vessel on the fire.
In England, Scotland, Germany, and Poland otter fishing was like a sport. Otter fishing was mentioned, in 1840, on the British peninsula. Izaak Walton, an English writer mentioned in the book on angling (catching fish by hook, rod, and sting) mentioned the method of training the otters to catch fish. The then time, Europe and America used otters in their sport. During the beginning of the Raj era in the subcontinent, the British sportsmen brought this practice to Europe from the Indian subcontinent.
We also see the practice of otter fishing also was used in the region of Central and South America that is mentioned in Brazilian Maxacali creation history. Fishermen in Guyana applied a different technic that fishermen used to observe where the fish were deposited by the otters then they stole the fish from there.
How does it work?
The domesticated trained otters generally do not catch fish by themselves rather they hunt the fish to the special kind of net placed in the water by the fishermen before they leave their trained otters in the water. The otters start chasing the fish from different directions to the direction of the net placed. By this time all the fish to save their lives from these otters, take shelter in the nets. When the otters come closer to the net the fishermen pull the net into the boat along with the fish.
There is a different method of using otters to catch fish in the different regions of the world but in the subcontinent, we catch the fish in this way. In history, we also learn that the otters directly catch the fish and before eating the fish the otters the fishermen took them the way.
Fishermen community and their future
The people who are involved with this unique technique of fishing with water are called Melo jele. The fishermen of Khulna and Norail District, catch fish in the Citra river in the monsoon or around the area of their house. During the wintertime, they go to the Sundarbans to catch fish. They don't have land for cultivation or irrigation and that's why they have only one professional and this is the only source of their income. Most of the fishermen are illiterate and the new generation they are going to school and don’t want to continue this profession as a result, the number of these fishermen is getting reduced day after day.
Food for the otters
The food supply for the otter depends on the availability of the food. Generally, they give one kolo of fish for each adult otter during the season but when the fishermen don’t go for catching fish they provide 500 to 600 grams of food every day. They give the food to the otter generally the fish they catch. Sometimes they give them frogs, venomless snakes, small turtles, crabs, etc, etc.
How to train the otters?
Generally, the fishermen get the otters from the wild or from the other fishermen who have otter pollution. After getting the otters they bred the otters in captivity. They train the otter generally the juvenile otters. During the catching of fish, the fishermen take one juvenile otter with the other two trained adult otters. During the daytime, the fishermen throw one fish in the water and say loudly Dhor – Dhor – Dhor in Bangla (Catch-Catch-Catch in English). Then the juvenile otter chases the fish and brings it back to the fishermen. This is is how the juvenile learns this during the live activity and gets trained in 5 to 6 months. After getting birth an otter is fully prepared for catching fish in 2 years.
Check out our Bangladesh otter Fishing Tour to witness the disappearing technique of fishing from the world.
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